The gnäbere, traditionally known as Guaymíand recently as Novere, Nove, Movere, Ngäbe, Ngöbe, ngäbére, is spoken in the cantons of Buenos Aires, Golfito, Coto Brus and Corredores, province of Puntarenas. According to the 2011 National Population Census, the language is 77.7 per cent (about 2,838) of the population living in the official territories. In Panama it is the largest original population and the language has a high vitality (Quesada 2008). In Costa Rica, based on the parameters of UNESCO, it could be catalogued as safe or in definitive danger, depending on the village (Sánchez 2013). This language belongs to the isthmic group, the eastern isthmic branch, of the Chibcha family (Constella 2008).
- Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2008. «Estado actual de la subclasificación de las lenguas chibchenses y de la reconstrucción fonológica y gramatical del protochibchense». In: Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha 27: 117-135.
- Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel. 2008. “Las lenguas ístmicas: entre obsolescencia y resistencia”. Letras 43: 23-37.
- Sánchez Avendaño, Carlos. 2013. “Lenguas en peligro en Costa Rica: vitalidad, documentación y descripción”. In: Káñina XXXVII(1): 219-250.
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