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Language of Brorán / Térraba / Naso / Brorán

Last updated: Language / Culture

Language of Broran is the Costa Rican variety of the naso language, also spoken in the region of Bocas del Toro, Panama, with the name of teribe or naso. It has traditionally been known as Térraba and this name remains the most common in language work. However, many community members reject this name as an imposition since the time of the Cologne. At present, then, the terms circulate naso, Térraba and broran (in fact, Brorán is the toponym that refers to the settlement territory in Costa Rica, officially called Terraba, but it is common to hear it today as an ethnic and a glotonym), while the Costa Rican variety was documented from the last speakers under the name of Brörán qu'ercuó 'the tongue of Broran (Terraba) '. For this reason, in addition to the above terms, the language can also be called Brorán Naso or Costa Rican Nasoespecially when it is wanted to stress that, although in principle it would be a geographical variety of the naso language, it is a variety different from the Panamanian language at least in terms of pronunciation and some vocabulary. The differences between the Costa Rican and Panamanian variety are evident from Gabb's documentation (1875) at the end of the 19th century, but have not been studied with systematiticity only at the phonetic level (Portilla 1996), although there is also some evidence that there are significant lexic differences (Sánchez 2015).

The language belongs to the isthmic group, the western isthmic branch, of the Chibcha family (Constella 2008). The data from the 2011 National Population Census are unreliable, as the work of professional linguistic field started in the late 1970s already showed the existence of just a couple of fluid speakers and a few semi-speakers (Constula 2007, Portilla 1986). In the present, there are only some elderly people who remember loose vocabulary and two who are able to produce simple constructions (Sánchez 2015). However, the language has relative good vitality in Panama, which is why language teachers are fluent speakers from Panama and, in the creation of teaching materials, the Panamanian variety is used to fill vocabulary gaps and to verify or validate the documented data of the last speakers in Costa Rica (Sánchez 2015).

The most complete description of the phonology and grammar of the language, within a structuralist framework, as well as the broader documentation of the lexicon is found in Constella Umaña, Adolfo. 2007. The tongue of Terraba. San José: Editorial of the University of Costa Rica. However, it should be noted that this was done with the last speakers and that, therefore, there are phenomena of variation, oscillation and change of a language in advanced displacement. There is also a complete description, within a functional-typological framework, of the Panamanian variety: Quesada, Juan Diego. 2000. A Grammar of Teribe. Munich: Lincom.

  • Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2007. The tongue of Terraba. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
  • Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2008. «Estado actual de la subclasificación de las lenguas chibchenses y de la reconstrucción fonológica y gramatical del protochibchense». In: Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha 27: 117-135.
  • Gabb, William M. 1875. On the Indian tribes and languages of Costa Rica. Washington: Stmisonian Museum.
  • Portilla Chaves, Mario. 1986. "A case of the death of languages: the terraba." Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha 5: 97- 246.
  • Portilla Chaves, Mario. 1996. "Chronology of some phonological innovations in terraba and téribe according to documents of the 18th and 19th centuries." Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha. 15: 27-42.
  • Sánchez Avendaño, Carlos. 2015. "Lexic reconstruction and morpholexic variability of a very displaced language: the case of the vocabulary of the human body in the language of Broran (terraba)." In: Estudios de Lingüística Chibcha 34: 33-85.

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